Adaptation Actions Search

Index	Major Impact	Themes and Sectors	Sector Impact	Adaptation Strategy Specific	Notes
13	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Avoidance of agricultural activities in the immediate coastal strip	-
84	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Promote underground tanks that are not susceptible to winds
3	Cyclone		Crops are killed	After a cyclone, build a yam shelter raised off the ground, that is cool and dry	Yams can last for many months. (e.g. Uripiv island)
61	Cyclone		Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure	Bury/lower river/creek crossings well underground
40	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Practice enrichment planting in cyclone/storm affected forests	-
55	Cyclone		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Thoroughly inspect all bullock fencing before a cyclone to cut out any living branches on posts (i.e. purao fences)	strong winds will catch the branches and then begin to root out the fence posts.
12	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Plant gardens within forest wind breaks, or plant windbreaks to protect sensitive crops (glyricidia)	the coastal strip should not be used for anything but recreation/gathering etc. No gardening, residence building or clearing to protect against storm surge etc
83	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Adjust the design of the intake box	G&M may be beginning a trial on Malo, but no national design has been validated yet
4	Cyclone		Crops are killed	Practice fruit drying	-
60	Cyclone		Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure	Raise/elevate river creek crossings highly
41	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Develop plans and products that utilize (re use) cyclone-damaged trees and branches	-
54	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Keep animals out of/ remove animals from known swampy or low lying coastal areas in preparation for a cyclone
11	Cyclone		Salt Spray will damage crops	Protect gardens by building physical ocean barriers etc.	not especially effective with sea level rise projections
82	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Small dams & spring boxes may be used so the source itself is not buried
5	Cyclone		Crops are killed	Practice preserve/jam making	-
59	Cyclone		Salt Spray will damage pastures	Plant wind breaks near pastures that are coastal, already salt tolerant species	The Department has tried several windbreak species (purao, pine, cylindrica) but nothing yet has been able to quell the impacts of salt spray.
42	Cyclone		Animals are Killed	Freeze Excess meat where possible	-
53	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Keep smaller animals inside a strong enclosure during cyclones
9	Cyclone		Crops are killed	Collect wild tubers for consumption after cyclones	Examples of bush tubers from Santo, Erromango and Tanna
81	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Ensure that tank catchment roofs are securely fastened before a storm	Often water tank withstands the winds, but catchment roofing is lost
6	Cyclone		Crops are killed	Dry nangai and natapoa for long term usage	Big Bay Santo
69	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Do not glue in the downpipe of the tank, must be able to pull out as needed before storms
36	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Identify and encourage plantation establishment in areas less affected by cyclones	-
52	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Keep smaller animals inside a strong enclosure during cyclones
18	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Introduce Dwarf Varieties of manioc that will be less susceptible to wind damage	-
80	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	User change technical designs of sources to be cyclone proofed	New designs are now available, changed in 2000, better for high wind, including suggested materials to build tanks etc
7	Cyclone		Crops are killed	Dry breadfruit for long term use	Banks and Torres
70	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Rain water tanks should use a T joint (first flush system) so that all contaminants are flushed away before water is collected
35	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Identify and plant dwarf fruit trees	-
51	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Avoid fastening animals with ropes to fixed objects during cyclones
19	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Remove yam stakes during pre cyclone preparations	-
79	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Mainstreaming hazard assessment and risk management into the current plans and policies	water safety planning and IWRM
8	Cyclone		Crops are killed	Produce flour for long term use	Manioc- Paunangisu
78	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Encourage self sufficiency and self help and local disaster response
34	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Take out insurance on planted forests and forestry equipment	-
45	Cyclone		Animals are Killed	Preserve Fish using multiple canning methods	Can be preserved in sterilized jars using chili, oil, curry, ginger and onion for up to a month
10	Cyclone		Salt Spray will damage crops	Utilize Salt Resistant Crops
88	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Build sea walls/other barriers around exposed coastal spring sources	Matantas- storm surge permanently damaged coastal source
1	Cyclone	Disaster Risk Management, Disaster management	Crops are killed	After a cyclone, pile tubers and fresh foods in a hole, the foods will begin to rot, but moisture will eventually drain out and the dried foods can be eaten	<p>practiced in Big Bay Santo</p>
77	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Undertake monitoring of water sources after cyclone, to target assistance
33	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Establish seed orchards in cyclone-resistant and secured locations	-
46	Cyclone		Animals are Killed	Preserve Fish using smoking and drying methods	Fish can be smoked which may last up to 3 days
28	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Prune and thin planted forests before a cyclone	-
76	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Do not rely on a single source of water; have several backups	may be expensive unfeasible for communities/household to have both piped supply AND rainwater tanks
32	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Selectively harvest large, cyclone-vulnerable trees and allow small trees to remain.	-
47	Cyclone		Animals are Killed	Preserve Fish using traditional breadfruit leaf baking methods	Freshwater fish may be baked in tightly wrapped breadfruit or laplap leaves and last for up to a week
27	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Practice pollarding/topping to enhance for wind resistance in key species	This technique works well with young natapoa
75	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Boil water to kill microorganisms and may also reduce this bad 'tank' taste	Rainwater tanks may provide water that is not as tasty as those used to drinking from fresh springs etc
31	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Practice proactive management of forests (remove old, dead, diseased species that may cause damage during cyclones	-
48	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Ensure that farmers have at least one area that can be used as a ‘cyclone pasture’ (open with no nearby trees)	In general experience suggests that Bullock themselves are not overly affected by exposure to strong winds, thus there is no need to bring the animals inside shelters or other structures.
26	Cyclone		Change in wood properties and timber quality (twisting, compacting etc)	Develop guidelines and training on the utilization of durable and lesser known species for construction	-
64	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Use spring boxes around sources , to ensure nothing gets into the source itself
74	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Design the simplement water filtration systems for Vanuatu sustainability	systems will require training and maintenance, which is already a problem here for simpler in Vanuatu systems
30	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Establish green belts/wind breaks around and within planted forests	Casaurina sp work well as windbreaks
49	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Farmer should have or make arrangements to have access to multiple pastures/grazing sites that will each be appropriate for a different climate situations	In general experience suggests that Bullock themselves are not overly affected by exposure to strong winds, thus there is no need to bring the animals inside shelters or other structures.
25	Cyclone		Change in wood properties and timber quality (twisting, compacting etc)	Find markets for deformed products	clocks, carvings, furniture etc.
62	Cyclone		Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure	If possible, have water pipes cross rivers/creeks at less vulnerable points up or down stream	even if not a direct piping course
73	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Use slow sand filters for the best filtration of contaminated water	slow sand filters may be effective, however need a very large filter for a good flow of water (community size)
29	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Prop young trees with braces to enhance wind resistance	-
50	Cyclone		Physical Damage to Animals	Follow storm warnings/advisories to move herd to safe locations (out of wind)	For example, on Pentecost- farmers bring their herds down from exposed hillsides into the sheltered valleys below).
17	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Cut the stems of manioc prior to a cyclone to prevent uprooting	-
85	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Use strong ferro cement tanks that will not move in wind	may be vulnerable to tree and debris damage
24	Cyclone		Change in wood properties and timber quality (twisting, compacting etc)	Employ and train stakeholders on wood technologies to correct timber defects	-
68	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Ensure the manhole in ferro cement tanks is fitted perfectly to avoid ash fall or other contaminants entering the tanks	On Tanna the tank hole covers do not fit, and debris is able to wash into the tank
72	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Use sediment filtration boxes to purify water	On Pentecost- Ranwati school- built 3 sediment filtration boxes, successful, not too expensive 100,000vt for the whole system) built with plywood and cement
43	Cyclone		Animals are Killed	Preserve Meat using traditional bamboo cooking methods	Bullock meat can be preserved by slightly cooking (removing blood), and then baking inside a bamboo tube (the softest/weakest kind of bamboo). The tube must be hung in a dry place, and continuously re-heated. The preserved bullock meat can last for several weeks up to a month.
16	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Cut the leaves of bananas prior to a cyclone to prevent uprooting	-
86	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Do not use light plastic polytanks in cyclone exposed areas	Cyclones are especially problematic for light plastic polytanks
23	Cyclone		Direct damage to ecosystems or flora and fauna	Provide wild animals with fallen fruits	e.g. fruit bats and flying foxes will be searching for available foods.
67	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Practice regular water monitoring	An accurate system must advise when to drink from a possibly contaminated water source or when to wait. Need a PH logger inside the water sources as an indicator
71	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Close off water sources before a cyclone events to prevent flooding, contamination, especially to crop irrigation areas	-
56	Cyclone		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Avoid corrosive fencing materials (i.e. barb wire)	An example of major pasture and fence damage by salt can be seen at VLD
15	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Plant root crops in exposed areas	-
87	Cyclone		Water sources are destroyed directly	Keep water source areas cleared, cut old branches and remove possible debris to protect infrastructure
22	Cyclone		Direct damage to ecosystems or flora and fauna	Physically remove any creeping vines or invasives that threaten to colonize a damaged forest	In Vathe Santo they use environmentally benign chemicals (not affect other plants via spraying, but use injection) – 5 different trials completed: Weed Master best; and hand cutting works to slow growth but will require ongoing maintenance)
66	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Ensure there is enough water storage for use during and after the storm events
37	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Discourage introduction of foreign tree species with low wind tolerance	-
44	Cyclone		Animals are Killed	Preserve Meat using salting methods	Bullock meat can be preserved by salting. Heavily salted and dry meat is packaged into an airtight container and can last for up to a month.
14	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Plant leafy crops in gardens that are well sheltered from winds (e.g. valleys etc)	-
20	Cyclone		Wind physically damages crops	Utilize early harvest varieties of yam (6 months) that can be harvested before cyclone season	-
65	Cyclone		Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply	Close down inlets to water into tanks before a storm, reopen after event
38	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Plant local, endemic, long-cyclone resistant species	E.g. whitewood
58	Cyclone		Salt Spray will damage pastures	Plant less susceptible grasses like Glycine, Signal, Guinea and Koronea grasses which may be affected by salt for 2-3 weeks after the storm, but then will recover.	If the pasture fences are located very near the sea (and less than 50-100meters), there is a high chance that salt-spray will impact (corrode) the barb wire and the kill the pasture grass during major storms and winds
21	Cyclone		Direct damage to ecosystems or flora and fauna	Physically remove any creeping vines or invasives that threaten to colonize a damaged forest	In Vathe Santo they use environmentally benign chemicals (not affect other plants via spraying, but use injection) – 5 different trials completed: Weed Master best; and hand cutting works to slow growth but will require ongoing maintenance)
2	Cyclone		Crops are killed	After a cyclone, bring Fiji taro to bush kitchen, keep in a dry place, and constantly rotate so that is does not constantly lay on one side	can last for months
63	Cyclone		Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure	Use local knowledge of cyclone vulnerable areas when laying water pipes/infrastructure	In Futuna regarding land slide problems, serious damage to water infrastructure could have been avoided if engineers had followed local guidance
39	Cyclone		Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling)	Establish permanent sample plots to investigate the impacts of cyclones of certain forests and tree species	-
57	Cyclone		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Allow glycine to grow over barbed wire fences to provide a physical barrier to salt exposure
187	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	During extreme drought farmer should consider reducing his stock (selling animals).	The best time to sell is at a change of seasons (wet-dry).
101	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Utilize mucuna and other crops to cover and replenish soils	Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc
171	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Provide water to chickens in dishes inside of the fence
208	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Improve the working relationship between Meteo and Hydrology Departments	Currently Met and Hydrology have shared rain gauges, but need to improve cooperation. In other countries the two departments are joined
133	Drought		Crops experience die off	Utilize custom fertilizers and manures to enhance productivity
152	Drought		Water-catchments and watersheds dry up	Reforest and rehabilitate forests within sensitive watershed and catchment areas
117	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Follow and act on Meteo climate advisories: el Niño la Niña	-
173	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Design bullock pastures so that streams and other water courses pass through them	this may cause environmental concerns downstream and with water quality
186	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Limit the water consumption of pigs to train them for leaner times	If pigs get used to having water always, during dry times they will face more issues.
100	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Place manure on and around the stems of crops
170	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Build cement water catchment pools within the bullock enclosure
132	Drought		Crops experience die off	Utilize store bought/chemicals fertilizers to enhance productivity
144	Drought		Change in timing of fruiting seasons	Identify traditional and novel fruiting seasons and patterns of key tree species
124	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Avoid Garden clearing or maintenance to allow moisture retention
172	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Practice compositing inside the chicken fence, to keep soil moisture and also attract food insects
200	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Undertake surveys of alternative water sources
98	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Use compost around crops to trap moisture
169	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Proactively move animals (bullock, pigs, goats etc) close to rivers, streams and water sources during drought times.
132	Drought		Crops experience die off	Utilize store bought/chemicals fertilizers to enhance productivity
141	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Build water storage areas (dams etc) for vulnerable species
126	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Plant water sensitive/needy plants around water giving plants like nangalat and banana
185	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	If domesticating wild pig varieties, ensure they have access to water rest areas	Wild pigs choose rainy wet spots for sleeping etc, and roam widely during drought .
184	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Fence of plantations especially for use by pigs	On Tongoa, some landowners fence off plantations specially for pigs. also Tati Larent.
97	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Use mulching around crops to trap moisture	Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc
167	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Provide dishes of water, cement pools inside pig fence	Pigs don’t need as much water as bullock
201	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Undertake watershed mapping for land use management and forest maintenance
131	Drought		Crops experience die off	Bury planting materials to preserve them during dry and hot times
143	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production	Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance)
128	Drought		Crops experience die off	Preserve Taro suckers in household nurseries
175	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Utilize gravity feed water systems to bring water into the pasture
184(2)	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Practice integrated agriculture; use animal manure for crop fertilization, and produce additional crops specially for pig feed	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
195	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Domesticate wild chickens for meat but ensure robust fencing	Wild fowl is strong- but easily wanders out of the fence to the bush.
96	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Grow sensitive crops in protected nurseries
166	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Provide bullock with bore hole wells within pastures	may be very cost intensive
202	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Do not rely on a single source of water, use and develop multiple systems	ex at Eton, during drought the use an engine pump for ground water , possible to combine bore hole and gravity feed systems.
130	Drought		Crops experience die off	Practice Tissue Culture in research stations to preserve genetic diversity and climate resilient varieties
143	Drought		Change in timing of fruiting seasons	Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production	Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance)
125	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Use multiple farming systems (mulching, alley cropping, mix planting etc)
199	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Develop national databases of water systems and supplies as a tool for decision making	already developed for tafea malampa sanma
168	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Provide bullock with water dumps within pastures (Dig trenches to hold water)	E.g. in Elgres, a trench was dug and lined with plastic sheeting, but soon afterwards the bullock entered the trench and broke the plastic
213	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Improve design standard to weather drought periods	Standard design of water tanks, 5L pp per day, designed for average dry season. Not for extremes. Meant for drinking and cooking only. Standard 50m2 roof, 5000L tank
95	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Use live staking of yam leaves, so that the live supports will provide shade to the yam plant
165	Drought		Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight	Provide shade over the chicken fence, either with normal housing roof material or trees.	The shade trees used should also be edible (manioc) .
203	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Fill standby/reservoir tanks during wet times for use during dry times
142	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Establish protected areas/tabus to control other threats to drought stressed animals and plants	often protected areas are too small to adequately protect these flora and fauna
143	Drought		Change in timing of fruiting seasons	Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production	Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance)
123	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Do not burn gardens as cleaning methods, rather weed and leave grass as a mulch to hold soil moisture and nutrients
198	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Identify nationally vulnerable areas to water shortage and target these first	e.g. el Niño affects middle bush the most etc
161	Drought		Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight	Keep forested/shade/reserve areas within the farm, so that during drought times, animals can be moved into these cooler naturally moist areas
212	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Increase roof catchment area
94	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Plant taro under green net (60-80% sunlight) shade cloth	likely very expensive
164	Drought		Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight	Select shady sites for pig enclosures	Lawrence- use the nambanga roots as good shade areas for pigs
204	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Use different sources systems at different types of the year	People of Malekula: Vao and Maskellynes switch from ground water to rainwater tanks according to weather pattern
129	Drought		Crops experience die off	Collect taro seeds and sow to encourage new varieties, maintain biodiversity, and find climate resistant strains.
143	Drought		Change in timing of fruiting seasons	Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production	Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance)
122	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Use permaculture in order to continuously protect soils from excessive drying and overheating
197	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Use local knowledge on the supply from various sources throughout the year
99	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Rotate crops inside disused livestock pastures to take advantage of manure fertilizers
159	Drought		Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity	Identify and relocate vulnerable species to wetter locations.	see matrix for forest species
211	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Increase tank size
93	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Practice alley cropping with nutrient providing and shade producing trees like glyricidia	Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc, kumala
163	Drought		Animals and their enclosures are exposed to climate extremes	Utilize appropriate building materials for livestock enclosres that can withstand climtic extremes	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
205	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Physically transport water to vulnerable communities
134	Drought		Crops experience die off	Utilize all parts of vegetables (e.g. pumpkin fruit and leaf tops, sutsut fruit and shoots)
115	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Irrigate individual high value plants, with bucket or other means
180	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Cross breed and select for drought resistant bullock feed varieties	elephant grass, nail grass and siratro.
121	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Allow several years of garden fallow before replanting in the same area
120	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Relocate garden site to more moist/shaded area	The fruit is not yet mature but the banana dries and dies as if were time for harvest
196	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient varieties of pig	Wild and Local breed are best. GIZ Pilot Site on Pele.
91	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Intercrop kumala with banana to provide shade for kumala	Intercrop kumala with banana to provide shade
158	Drought		Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity	Develop and expand water storage facilities/infrastructure (water tanks and reservoirs)
108	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Encourage the domestication of wild yam varieties that are climate resistant
160	Drought		Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight	Plant shade trees around and within bullock and pig pastures/enclosures	Plant leguminous trees. Kasis and Glyricidia double as food for cows, Purao is good for shade. Napanga may provide shade but there exists a worry that cyclones will break branches which could affect on animals. Rain tree is an excellent shade tree- but is invasive (Buffalo grass can be grown underneath). Coconuts may provide some shade.
206	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Relocate households to less vulnerable areas, villages, islands	People of Aneityum have had to move to Tanna for 4-5 months during drought periods
140	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Clean water sources of debris/obstruction to allow flow of water to drying aquatic habitats
114	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Irrigate individual high value plants, with bucket or other means
181	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Let chickens out of fence during the day to find water, but for sleeping come back inside.
119	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Plant island cabbage every 2 months to ensure that seasonality will not affect all plants at all stages of cabbage growth
194	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Cross breed, seletc for and utilize slim, lean wild chickens for drought times	Domesticated chickens have a larger size and require more water while wild chickens are very thin.
92	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Intercrop trees with banana to provide shade for bananas	impacts of excessive heat and sunlight on bananas include: The fruit is very small when it ripens, Offshoot suckers do not bear fruit as much as the mother stalk, the inside of the ripe-looking banana is rotten, the stalk of the banana becomes dry and the stem looses turgor and falls down, root rot kills the banana
157	Drought		Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity	Introduce desalination/distillation for irrigation in dry coastal communities
214	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Need to change water storage and use behaviors and past history – through awareness	Note: most people have built tanks already for a long time, but during droughts, these old tanks designs may not be enough
145	Drought		Food web, flora association, and symbiotic species disruptions	Undertake ecosystem enrichment planting
207	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Provide drought early warnings to communities	Currently Meteo gives 3 months outlook for el Niño- dry periods
146	Drought		Food web, flora association, and symbiotic species disruptions	Identify and focus on sensitive/vulnerable ecosystems for management
113	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Practice targeted irrigation around the roots of the crop	may be cost intensive. Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc
182	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Allow chickens to drink dew on plants outside of the fence.
118	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Plant yams before the onset of a major drought event	Plant yams before the onset of a major drought event
193	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Utilize chickens for meat during drought times rather than other animals	In general chickens seem to fare better than other animals. During drought chickens are more productive, during rain, the pikinini will dies.
107	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Select for yam varieties that produce minisetts (small tubers that do not easily rot or dry out)
156	Drought		Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity	Irrigate individual high value individual trees, with bucket or other means
215	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Develop standard tank designs for different parts of the country (north south etc)
139	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Channel water from consistent source for sensitive animals in drying pools	Freshwater Fish eggs may dry out when rivers are dry
145	Drought		Food web, flora association, and symbiotic species disruptions	Undertake ecosystem enrichment planting
112	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Use grafting techniques resilient varieties
183	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Let pigs go into the coconut plantations and cut Navarra for them there	Let pigs go into the coconut plantations and cut Navarra for them there
192	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Utilize fast breeding African chickens	The African fowls breed faster than the local one, can out breed and out compete, chicks have a higher survival rate than other varieties. More meat, better. But important not to lose other varieties
106	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Select for manioc varieties that are drought resilient	W. Coast Manioc or some used in custom, which are drought resistant , although these can be quite strong to grate and tougher to eat when cooked.
155	Drought		Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity	Implement irrigation systems on commercial properties
216	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Develop water recommendations according to local contexts	Aniwa, no open water etc, recommend individual household tanks rather than communal ones vs. Mataso- insignificant source, hand pumps, and some tanks, but population there is declining so think about growth projections too.
138	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Physically move animals from drying streams to others that are running	use buckets to relocate snails, slugs, naura, freshwater fish
147	Drought		Reduction in germination rates	Undertake artificial germination of important species (nursery)
111	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Select drought and sun resistant vegetables (e.g. beans, white bun/Chinese cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, pumpkin, capsicum, cucumber, spring onions)
179	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Feed pigs with moisture rich foods like banana stem, taro , Navarra, pineapple, watermelon, climbing vines, Meremia big leaf.	Some farmers plant pineapples for pig only
191	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient African chickens	Santo farmers suggest that African and Yellow Leg are also somewhat drought resistant.
105	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Select for manioc varieties with smaller leaves and those that grow shorter	may be available at VRTC
154	Drought		Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity	Establish site specific water guidelines for each species to ensure planting in right location
218	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Monitor, and clean sources that have become contaminated during droughts before use again
137	Drought		Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant	Introduce freshwater namarai to stagnant pools	Namarai- dig holes in the mud, die when dry. _ the namarai help the flow of water with their digging (aeration). Can be a solution for dead water . Say namarai can pull water
148	Drought		Reduction in germination rates	Collect and store wildings for replanting
110	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Encourage more planting of Vietnam/Chinese Banana as a hardy and drought resilient variety
178	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Feed chickens with moisture rich Navarra & other fresh foods and fruits (pawpaw, mango nakavika )
190	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient Rasta chickens	Rasta fowls may be resilient (more ventilation)
104	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Plant heat and sun tolerant varieties of Taro like navia and taro with small leaves, and leaves pointed down away from the sun.
153	Drought		Water-catchments and watersheds dry up	Place and enforce buffer zones around streams and water sources
136	Drought		Crops experience die off	Take stock of and re-promote traditional foods	Tubers in Erromango, Tanna and Santo that are collected when other tubers die
149	Drought		Tree Death	practice species site selection	e.g. sandalwood on dry sides of islands
116	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Be conscious of the timing for planting of Taro before drought plant 5-6 month Taro that will be ready for harvest and immune to the dry season.	especially el Niño event forecasts
177	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Use living fences to feed and provide moisture-filled leaves for bullocks during dry times.	E.g. at Klem Hill (kaltuk, has trialed in his farm), the farmer planted Purao trees along the fence and didn’t cut back the leaves. During a prolonged dry spell the bullock ate the leaves to get water . When the Steers from the ‘dry’ pasture were taken to the abattoir, they were almost same weight as bullock from other farms that had had access to regular water supply. Used on Santo w/ a climbing big leaf heavily variegated vine and also the Big Leaf Meremia vine.
90	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Intercrop taro with trees that will provide some sunlight penetration	Note: taro requires good sunlight to thrive
189	Drought		Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity	Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient varieties of bullock	Charolais (white)- can moderately tolerate drought . , Brahman- is very good for drought (as are the local cross-breeds with Brahman)
103	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Practice minimum tillage of soils before planting, which will hold soil moisture and nutrients
162	Drought		Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight	Bullock may be grazed in the open, but for resting should be brought into forests
210	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Water authorities must put in place water conservation or saving measures & awareness
135	Drought		Crops experience die off	Utilize traditional vegetable crops (ferns or vines)
150	Drought		Water-catchments and watersheds dry up	Provide awareness on the importance of water catchment areas for water quality
127	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Remove all but two young banana shoots away from the mother tree and replant in a different area (to relieve water stress during dry seasons)
176	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Use Bamboo ‘pipes’ to get water running into farms	Malekula as an example
89	Drought		Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight	Intercrop with valuable trees	With too much sun, crops/fruits are not yet mature but the crop leaves/fruits dry and dies
188	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	During dry times, the bullocks should be mating, and during the wet productive growing seasons, the animals should be calving.
102	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Use cover crops for at least 3 years on degraded soil before planting dry land taro	Cover crops should be used for at least 3 years on degraded soil before planting dry land taro
163	Drought		Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight	Build special enclosures for pigs to have an appropriate balance of exposure and shelter	Michelle Furet has built a house for night time, during the day, they run in a paddock (fenced) glycine pasture. Pele Island GIZ project site
209	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Improve Dept of Geology and Mines operational budget	Hydrology budget is now very low, need more operational support (with only 100,000vt./month-cant be proactive).
134	Drought		Crops experience die off	Utilize all parts of vegetables (e.g. pumpkin fruit and leaf tops, sutsut fruit and shoots)
217	Drought		Shortage of drinking water	Ensure that direct sunlight does not penetrate water to prevent algal growth
151	Drought		Water-catchments and watersheds dry up	Establish protected areas over sensitive water catchments	often communities seek benefits from CA with unrealistic tourism aspirations (E.g. Vathe CA Santo)
109	Drought		Crops do not have sufficient water	Utilize drought resistant varieties of island cabbage (e.g. red vein cabbage, not white).
174	Drought		Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food	Design bullock pastures with appropriate mix of grasses: 70% grass, 30% legume	This ratio depend on stocking rate and water content of grass used
222	Fire		Fire burns crops	Burn flammable grasses around gardens in the wet season to prevent excessive fuel buildup
231	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Ensure that fire fighting equipment is accessible and available
224	Fire		Death of wild animals	Revive cultural burning of grasslands	may have been a cultural practice on many islands
233	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Plant fire resilient species (bamboo and wild thatching cane)
223	Fire		Death of wild animals	Throw moist plants (green) on the fire to slow and stop	if not a strong fire !
221	Fire		Fire burns crops	Relocate gardens away from fire prone areas
230	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Regularly weed, clean and maintain woodlots
238	Fire		Infrastructure and Pastures are burned	Use living Fence posts which do not rapidly light
235	Fire		Animals are directly affected	Do not allow chickens to roam free and lay eggs in the bush during dry season	Adult chickens may be able to avoid fires, but eggs will be affected, especially those of wild fowl
236	Fire		Infrastructure and Pastures are burned	Use less fire prone grasses including Buffalo Grass	Guinea grass lights very easily.
237	Fire		Infrastructure and Pastures are burned	Use steel or iron for fence posts
225	Fire		Death of wild animals	Ensure that grassland burning is not undertaken in biodiversity rich areas	coconut crabs, snakes and other ground dwelling organisms especially vulnerable
232	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Train forestry stakeholders on fire management and fire fighting
226	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Utilize firebreaks and windbreaks to prevent to spread of forest fires
234	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Provide awareness to forestry stakeholders and communities on the risks of forest fires
240	Fire		Infrastructure and Pastures are burned	Ensure that there is an appropriate number of stock in the pasture to remove potential fire fuel	If the numbers of bullock are few but much food remains, then a potential problem exists with fuel buildup
239	Fire		Infrastructure and Pastures are burned	Encourage some overgrazing during the dry season to prevent buildup of biomass and fuel	Grazing should reach ankle level, but not higher
219	Fire		Fire burns crops	Create firebreaks between bush and garden areas
228	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Practice mix cropping/planting approach to prevent spread of fire
220	Fire		Fire burns crops	Remove unnecessary weeds, dead trees, dry branches and dry organic litter from gardens
227	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Discourage burning activities around forested areas during drought seasons
229	Fire		Increase incidence and severity of forest fires	Prescribe burning in sensitive forest areas to reduce dangerous biomass fuel buildup
297	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Store seeds for use during low fruiting periods.
356	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Ensure small chickens (chicks) have access to elevated, fully dry areas for feeding and laying	eggs, small chicks will be most affected
272	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Use plastic polybags to plant vegetables that are off the ground and cannot be flooded
372	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Build walls and sea walls to prevent storm surge related flooding	e.g. Uripiv, built walls with stone, but filled cracks with Pandanus/coconut leaves to further cut the power of flowing water
388	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Utilize Nitrogen fixing crops	e.g. glyricidia, kasis
308	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Introduce sediment catchment devices (leaves/branches or other sediment traps)
404	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Suggest other types of toilet designs	composting toilets are a good alternative
324	Flooding		Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced	Plant fodder tree species in pastures that tolerate water	Kasis and Glyricidia) can also be used during flood times
264	Flooding		Crops are killed	Practice tissue culture in the laboratory
340	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Prevent animal pests using store bought chemicals	NEftate farmer- tried to use mortein, but didn't work
262	Flooding		Crops are killed	Store harvested tubers in a cool dry place to prevent rotting before consumption
357	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Plant water absorbing trees around chicken coops	Bamboo works well and also provides an egg laying site and shade
271	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Alley crop water-sensitive species in-between with water-intensive species
373	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Develop health guidelines on consumption and contamination by air pollution and ash	No acidity guidelines yet in Vanuatu
389	Flooding		Increase growth of weeds and invasive species	Apply local and imported herbicides (and chemical injections)
309	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Practice good log stacking and log piling to maintain production quality during wet times
241	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Use pesticides against taro beetle and other insects
405	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Septic tanks could be placed above ground to avoid flood contamination
325	Flooding		Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced	Move bullock to less flood prone areas including hill side grazing areas, and plateaus	may have negative environmental affects
284	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Harvest yams early (at the first sign of leaves turning yellow) so that they will not have a chance to rot in the groups.
341	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To prevent worm infection don’t over graze grasses or overstock pastures	When the grazing is allowed to proceed all the way to the ground, bullock, Overstocking can lead to easy transmission
251	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Remove diseased or pest-affected branches or plants
358	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Lift the floors of chicken coops, raise enclosure away from ground level to prevent storm floods	also serves to reduce predation, and adds ventilation
270	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Practice Mix Cropping of water-sensitive crops with species that utilize lots of water and can help control water logged soils	use species with long Tap roots e.g.. Papaya or those that can quickly drink large amounts of water banana
374	Flooding		Decrease in Timber quality (moulding, insufficient drying)	Construct proper timber drying facilities to ensure timber is properly dried during rainy periods
390	Flooding		Increase growth of weeds and invasive species	Physically remove invasive species
310	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Use cable logging rather than bulldozers
406	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Develop and follow construction standards for water supply and sanitation, use of toilets in certain areas	Already written, currently being reviewed by Hydrology
326	Flooding		Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced	Make advance arrangements where bullock could be moved in case of flooding in the primary pastures
286	Flooding		Top Soil is eroded	Practice minimal tillage agriculture
342	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To prevent worm infection, utilize improved pastures with higher growth rates	This will decrease the chances of worm infections from ground level grazing etc.
274	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Plant crops in raised beds to prevent flooding or excess moisture
359	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Ensure that pig enclosures have some permanently dry space	enclosures to have a house/roof
269	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Dig drainage canals in gardens to prevent pooling and flooding in gardens
375	Flooding		Decrease in Timber quality (moulding, insufficient drying)	Apply chemical treatments for mould
391	Flooding		Increase growth of weeds and invasive species	Introduce biological control of invasives	new rust being imported by Quarantine to control Mile-A-Minute vine
311	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Shift forestry operations to dry areas/islands during prolong rainy periods.
250	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Harvest island cabbages regularly to reduce the number of insects that accumulate around plants	Island cabbage seems to be especially vulnerable to insect damage after a storm event (may be due to loss of normal food plants)
407	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Consider toilet location in terms of nearby water sources, and also in terms of soil type, nearness to sensitive areas (coral reefs etc)	for example Maskellynes – has very strong soil, so should not use pit toilets
285	Flooding		Top Soil is eroded	Use contour planting to prevent soil erosion during floods or storms
327	Flooding		Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil	Remove bullock immediately from erosion-prone flooded areas	A major concern with flooding is that when the ground if wet/soft, and bullock are moving around, they are inadvertently digging the soil, which can be washed away. Further flooding combined with bullock activity can seriously erode an area of topsoil
293	Flooding		Loss of endemic species	Identify and assist regeneration of water intolerant flora and fauna species	Sheflera & Capoxilon palm (gene pool tanna and south Santo) Dysolim sp. (young) dead due to excessive moisture
343	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To prevent horse rust put blanket or mat or other cover over horses (or put the animal under a shelter)	horses- skin rust- due moisture rainfall
254	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Use fire ashes to prevent insect damage on island cabbage: A. Sprinkle ashes on affected leaves, the leaves will die and the new shoots will be insect free B. Mix ashes with soil before planting island cabbage, acts as an infestation prevention C. Surround the cabbage stems by a ring of ashes
360	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Build roofing over animal coops and enclosures	use natangura or other local thatch to ensure proper cooling
267	Flooding		Crops are killed	Prune kumala leaves to encourage growth of tuber
376	Flooding		Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism	Plan and promote forest eco-tourism activities for dryer areas during prolonged rainy periods
392	Flooding		Increase growth of weeds and invasive species	Practice regular maintenance, cleaning and weeding of forest plots
312	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Appropriately zone and spatially plan logging activities within concession areas	consider where to log based on distance to mill and environmental features of terrain and climate /weather patterns
246	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Treat banana nematode infestations by allowing infested roots to aerate and dry before replanting
408	Flooding		Underground wells are contaminated	clean wells immediately after major rains
283	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Change planting timing according to seasonal climate forecasts, especially la Niña events
328	Flooding		Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil	Keep bullock pastures in grass at all times to hold top soils in place during floods
296	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Utilize hormones to induce fruiting and flowering out of season
344	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat bottle jaw on bullock (lump), undertake an Operation to remove puss
252	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	To prevent whitefly infestation, select island cabbage plants that are not as leafy
361	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Pig enclosures sites should be selected for well draining porous soil types	Pigs can easily drown I flooded enclosures, especially piglets
377	Flooding		Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism	Design forest tourism activities that are rain-proof (indoor activities- greenhouses and indoor botanical gardens)
193	Flooding		Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases	Identify and relocate vulnerable species that have high risk of pest and disease attack to dryer areas
313	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Follow and plan forestry operations and activities according to Meteo forecasts and outlooks
245	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Intercrop multiple plants to control the spread of species-specific pests and diseases
409	Flooding		Underground wells are contaminated	raise the walls of wells so that rain events do not bring debris into them directly
282	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Protect crops and germinants from excessive Rainfallin greenhouses
329	Flooding		Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil	Control the pooling of water in pasture eroded depressions to combat mosquito breeding
295	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Undertake vegetative propagation to encourage rapid fruiting	use of cuttings enables fruit bearing trees to mature and bear faster
345	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat bottle jaw on bullock (lump), improve diet	due to worms, moisture related
265	Flooding		Crops are killed	Plant several varieties of a single crop in order to continuously select the best and healthiest planting materials
362	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Do not place pig enclosures in known water channels/runoff areas
378	Flooding		Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism	Make personal pesticides available to tourists in mosquito-prevalent areas
194	Flooding		Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases	Practice mixed species cropping systems to prevent rapid spread of disease
314	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Reduce working hours/tasks during rain times
249	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Prune excess leaves of kumala and other crops to control rat damage
410	Flooding		Waterlogged and anaerobic soils	Introduce forest plot or area drainage systems
281	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Grow wet tolerant vegetable species (e.g. Susut and cucumber and eggplant)
330	Flooding		Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil	Do not select aggressive Brahman bullock in flood prone areas, as they dig	Brahman have a bad temperament- digs much and contributes to erosion, especially the bulls
294	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Introduce and encourage wet tolerant species for seasonally waterlogged or low-lying areas.
346	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat swollen eyes of chickens, treat with seawater (drinking and bathing)	caused by worms
266	Flooding		Crops are killed	Use physical barriers around gardens to prevent wind-dispersing pest intrusions	laplap leaves serve as an effective barrier
363	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Dig water runoff/drainage channels through flood prone pig enclosures
379	Flooding		Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism	Construct tourism facilities (bungalows) with durable non-weathering timber species (not likely to rot)
301	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Identify, select and plant varieties that fruit/flower at different times throughout the year.
195	Flooding		Increase growth of weeds and invasive species	Apply local and imported pesticides and Insecticides	Custom plant used in Matantas Santo to surround citrus trees and treat incidences of 'ring worm'
315	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Plan for the extra available labor during rain times, to do other jobs and functions
243	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Utilize and strengthen regional networks that have experience with locally appropriate pest and disease controls
411	Flooding		Waterlogged and anaerobic soils	Plant water tolerant tree species in flood prone areas like coconut, bamboo, purao
253	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Ensure that imported planting materials (from other islands/locations) are pest and disease free
331	Flooding		Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil	Do not select aggressive African fowl in flood prone areas, as they dig	African fowls are more aggressive, especially during feeding, and dig and forage more which may contribute to erosion
298	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Assess the fruiting calendars of different species in different climatic areas
347	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat swollen eyes of chickens, it is also possible to change the location of the fowls to one that is more pristine without a build-up of worm eggs/larvae.
273	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Build mounds in gardens and plant with vulnerable root crops to keep them above flood waters
364	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Regularly move the location of pig enclosures so that excessive mud doesn’t accumulate in their pens
380	Flooding		Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism	Advise tourism operators on differing weathering properties of various forest products
302	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Develop, dessiminate, breed and encourage the use of rain-tolerate tree varieties
196	Flooding		Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases	Introduce biological control measures
316	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Expand the use of protective gear and clothing
244	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Prune excess kumala leaves to control rat damage
412	Flooding		Waterlogged and anaerobic soils	Plan or Relocate forestry operations to typically 'dry soil' areas
255	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Cover fruit bunches (bananas, guava etc) with plastic bags to prevent insect attacks	Insects often attack the fruits before they are mature
332	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To combat foot rot on the hooves of bullock, place stones within the paddock to trim the hooves
292	Flooding		Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna	Plant trees and flora that have good root systems to control, slow flood damage	Oak trees as not suitable as river erosion control species, are easily washed away
348	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat swollen eyes of chickens, use an infusion of lemon, panadol, chili or seawater
280	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Plant bananas in water-prone areas as they grow well with a high level of moisture; good productivity	Roots can rot with excessive moisture
365	Flooding		Air pollution (including volcanic ash) is washed into tanks	Tanks should be conically shaped to avoid catching volcanic ash	aid post in Taniapa is an ash catchment, ash is constantly washed into tanks
381	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Discourage burning of grasslands or marginal vegetation that holds soil
303	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Undertake grafting to ensure fruiting under controlled conditions
397	Flooding		Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases	Physically remove diseased or dying trees/plants
317	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Introduce forestry workplace condition standards
257	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Plant around times of the year that insects are less likely to outbreak or damage crops
333	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To combat foot rot on the hooves of bullock, wash the animals in the sea	, but saltwater treatments take considerable time.
299	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Protect of trees from rainfall/elements in green houses
349	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To prevent the spread of mites on chickens, don't mix different size and age groups	adult chickens tend to have, and can pass mites to younger chickens
279	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Find water tolerant varieties with help from regional and national research institutions
366	Flooding		Air pollution (including volcanic ash) is washed into tanks	Utilize cement water tanks in areas with volcanic ash to neutralize water pH	Cement tanks actually neutralize some drops in water pH
382	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Practice contour cropping/terracing
304	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Discourage clearing of vegetation on steep slopes
398	Flooding		Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases	Conduct research on specific tree pests and diseases
318	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	"Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area, muddy conditions, degraded roads and infrastructure, moisture & rust in equipment, machine idleness and breakdowns, wasted salaries/lost income, forgone timber harvests (economic), safety and health of workers. "	Abide by the harvesting strategies outlined in the coupe harvesting plans, permits and logging agreements signed with DoF
247	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Control rat damage on tuber roots by mixing coconut with leaf of glyricidia (which acts as a rat poison)
256	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Physically remove or kill caterpillars or other pests that are found within the garden
334	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat intestinal complications when Bullock drink standing contaminated flood waters, utilize antibiotics and vaccinations
291	Flooding		Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna	Remove the invasive vines that are killing trees and covering the canopy that inhibits water removal/evaporation
350	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To prevent the impacts of louse on chickens, allow them to be covered in dust and have access to dusty situations
278	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Plant water tolerant root crops like water taro and soft mud taro
367	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Ensure proper drainage: outflow needs direction away from infrastructures and towards a safer place
383	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Encourage rehabilitation of bare land and areas subject to soil erosion.	Vetiver grass on Aneityum
304 (a)	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Reforest cleared slopes with tree and grass species with well developed root systems that will control soil erosion (e.g. vetiver and namamau)	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
399	Flooding		Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases	Accurately identify pest and disease agents
319	Flooding		Reduce forest and tree biodiversity	Practice ex situ conservation
248	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Mix concoctions of plants to create natural pesticides	Tamanu infusion water , chili infusion water , derris root infusion water , glyricidia leaf infusion. Avoid the use of synthetic chemicals for pests, but utilize traditional knowledge listed above
258	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Weed grass and maintain gardens to remove plants that could harbor pests and diseases
335	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat intestinal complications when Bullock drink standing contaminated flood waters, move bullock out of flooded pastures to other more suitable areas
300	Flooding		Change in flowering & fruiting seasons	Practice anthropogenic fertilization (by hand) in cases where Rainfallinhibits natural pollination and fertilization
351	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	to control infections, ensure animals are eating appropriate foods
277	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Avoid planting on flood plains or areas close to streams, creeks and rivers	Runoff, floods and landslides can easily uproot bananas
368	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Check that hand pumps are properly sealed (at top of bore hole) to prevent contamination and back leakage
384	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Utilize site capture crops to quickly revegetate bare slopes	e.g. whitewood, namamao, pioneer species
304 (b)	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Forest Plantations on sloping areas should be planted in various planting rows and patters to encourage soil retention	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
400	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Do not utilize sensitive Bush and VIP toilets in flood prone areas	Bush toilets and VIPs pits are vulnerable, although even with significant Rainfallevents, the rain filtrates quickly
320	Flooding		Reduce forest and tree biodiversity	Relocate endemic and species of cultural importance to dyer/non-waterlog areas.
259	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Use grafting techniques resilient varieties	practiced on Malekula with disease resistant cacao
336	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To treat water-related scratches on bullock skin, wash with sea water
290	Flooding		Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna	Divert flood prone waterways away from sensitive biodiversity breeding areas	fast flowing water can wash away ground nesting birds (namalao etc)
352	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	To control the spread of disease from sick chickens to others in the pens, remove or quarantine sick animals	Disease travels quickly. Ma pass in the air, food etc
276	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Plant along ridges or on gently sloping areas
369	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Fully check the performance of new systems 3 months – 1 yr after construction	may be constrained by budget
385	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Utilize cover crops to hold soil	e.g. mucuna
305	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Use downed braches as a soil erosion/runoff break (sloped areas)
242	Flooding		Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease	Encourage existing Cultural practices that prevent pests & diseases	e.g. in Torba, before planting, a special bush rope can be buried around the garden 1 month before planting taro. The smell and scent of the rope discourages beetles from invading taro plants
401	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Do not drink ground water near bush and VIP toilets after flood conditions	Problem occurs when flooding occurs, and standing water exists for a long time (Tanna)
321	Flooding		Reduce forest and tree biodiversity	Practice site-species matching for reforestation/rehabilitation
260	Flooding		Crops are killed	Bury harvested cassava to preserve it before consumption
337	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Vaccinate pigs to prevent worm buildup/burden	pigs get scratchy when worms are present; there is an effective vaccination (Tanna, Epi Malakula) sent by livestock . The farmers appreciate it. Not too expensive for medication. (1 bottle 100ml- all of Vanuatu) 1ml 30 kilo live weight.
289	Flooding		Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna	Establish conserved buffer and creek rehabilitation zones	as in Lingarek Malekula creekside reforestation
353	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Use customary legume leaves to treat disease in chickens	One legume used on Santo, leaves crushed and fed to chickens
275	Flooding		Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground	Select well drained garden sites, including porous soils that do not hold water
370	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Build homes with cement around the base so as to prevent inundation	as in Maskellynes islands
386	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Utilize barrier crops to trap and prevent sediments from eroding	Vetiver grass on Aneityum
306	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Gravel/pave roads in logging areas
402	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Do not use bush and VIP toilets in areas with undrainable clay soils	Holen (Efate)- the rain goes in the pits, and overflows into the yards- very much depends on the soil type and layering
322	Flooding		Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced	Plant pasture grass species that can withstand flood conditions (para and elephant)	Para grass- on the Teouma plain and also in Tagabe copes well with flood conditions). Elephant grass is good for flood
261	Flooding		Crops are killed	Make and Use Manioc Flour for use during wet times
338	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Prevent spread of horseflies by ensuring new animals are fly free when brought in	Horse flies- (come out with high temps)- Disturbs the feeding regime of the bullock, can loose weight
288	Flooding		Top Soil is eroded	Utilize animal manure to counteract soil nutrient leeching in rainy times
354	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Promote bullock as animal of choice in flooded pastures	Bullock can be quite tolerant of flood conditions in Vanuatu (e.g. at the Tagabe farm- officers observed that Charolais could still move around and were coping well)
355	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Undertake research on mositure tolerant chicken varieties	Rasta fowl may or may not be appropriate for rainy times, though there may be an adaptive characteristic with its feather type . Not enough research on precip impacts on chickens
268	Flooding		Crops are killed	Prop tilting banana stems with Y stakes to prevent toppling	Topping is especially problematic when heavy rains occur after a period of drought
371	Flooding		Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc	Build homes that are raised above ground level to prevent household inundation during floods	as in W. C. Santo
387	Flooding		Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss	Plant stabilizing trees on vulnerable slopes to control landslides	Narara is used on W. C. Santo to prevent land slides (custom)
307	Flooding		Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area	Maintain proper crossings (streams and rivers)
403	Flooding		Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources	Do not swim or bathe in rivers immediately following a flood event	Tagabe to Blacksands, are on the river bank- can see human waste floating past after rain events
323	Flooding		Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced	Plant pasture grass species that can tolerate water (papolo and beans)	Bullock feed varieties that are resistant to excessive moisture: papolo grass, beans etc
263	Flooding		Crops are killed	Collect and sow seeds to encourage genetic diversity and obtain possible climate resistant traits
339	Flooding		Animals develop sickness	Prevent spread of horseflies by not mixing bullock and horses
287	Flooding		Top Soil is eroded	Utilize vetiver grasses to hold and prevent topsoil loss from gardens
453	Heat Stress		Animals overheat inside their enclosures	Provide Mulching or leaves inside chicken enclosures for temp cooling
420	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Practice temporary alley cropping with taro to avoid extreme temperature stress	Taro has been planted inside alleys, and then removed after hot season finishes
437	Heat Stress		Heat Stresson humans	Encourage the maintenance of trees when constructing houses	build around trees, incorporate them into construction designs
454	Heat Stress		Animals overheat inside their enclosures	Ensure there is dust available that chickens can kick up for temp regulation	only for larger animals, not chicks
421	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Practice fallow improvement to shade individual high value crops
438	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Develop planting guidelines for each species to ensure planting in appropriate locations
439	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Identify and relocate important species to cooler locations.
455	Heat Stress		Animals overheat inside their enclosures	Keep an area of small bush inside enclosures under which they can hide
422	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Develop databases of all Vanuatu biodiversity, including vulnerable habitats and food sources	E.g. freshwater fish database and butterfly database already begun
440	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Plant new trees inside existing forests to exploit cooler temperatures
456	Heat Stress		Animals overheat inside their enclosures	Cover fences, to provide shade and respite from sun	Malekula farmers build small shelters over their pig fences
423	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive gecko
441	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Intercrop high canopy species in mixed planting with lower canopy species
457	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	White wash (paint) the tanks for sunlight reflection to keep water cool
425	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	identify and replant host tree of sensitive epiphyte, orchids and lizards	E.g. in Penaru CA Santo- lives of an endemic lizards are symbiotically linked to an epiphytic plant (fern like)- lives inside the cavity
442	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Encourage shading of germinants by mother trees	especially sandalwood seed trees.
458	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	Build underground tanks that are not exposed to the sun	drawback of underground tanks is that it is hard to spot a leak
426	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive insects	some of these may be important agricultural pollinators (native bees)
443	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Utilize shade cloths/nurseries to protect vulnerable seedlings and juvenile trees from excessive heat	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
459	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	Plant ivy and other vines around and on tanks to keep water cold
427	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive high elevation birds	high elevation birds are especially vulnerable (Santo Mountain Starling and endemic pigeon Ducula bakeri)
444	Heat Stress		Trees wither and experience sun burn	Investigate and promote Temperature tolerant tree species
460	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	Place tanks under shelters	in Torres tanks under the house, but when sun is low, still heats tank
428	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive ground nesting birds	ground incubating birds are especially vulnerable (Namalao)
445	Heat Stress		Animals are sluggish and unproductive	Goat is especially heat tolerant
461	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	Ferro cement tanks best resist high temperatures	may crack but can be resealed
429	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Place coconut fronds or other protection over sea turtle nests on the beach to cool them down	Temperatureaffects the number of males and females of sea turtles that hatch from the nest
446	Heat Stress		Animals develop sunlight-related problems	Use antibiotics to treat the Charolais Bullock eyelid sores problem due to sunlight overexposure
462	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	Avoid poly tanks that may melt and become deformed in high temps	poly tanks melt and become deformed in high temps
413	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Use Open and deep hole planting of Taro, dig a deep hole, place taro inside, do not bury so as to allow air cooling of the growing taro.
430	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Ensure that in times of extreme temperatures, flying foxes are protected if they attempt to find food near villages in gardens	Fruit bats will likely suffer with changing/delayed fruiting seasons, also affected by increasing night time temperatures (will affect their nocturnal feeding patterns
447	Heat Stress		Animals develop sunlight-related problems	Avoid sunlight vulnerable varieties of bullock like Charolais	Strong sunlight causes chicken's eyes to swell up (especially in black legged fowls)
463	Heat Stress		Water in storage reservoirs is hot	Avoid fiberglass tanks that may experience inner lining peeling, and dust may have health implications	fiberglass tanks may experience inner lining peeling, and dust may have health implications
414	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Use low tight staking of yam vines that will not allow excessive drying out
431	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Control and minimize the conversion of high montane forests through proper Land Use planning and Sustainable Ag Methods-
448	Heat Stress		Animals develop sunlight-related problems	Encourage sunlight tolerant varieties of bullock like Brahman mixes	Crossbreed w/ Brahman and other bullock varieties are good with extreme temperatures
415	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Bury harvested cassava to preserve it before consumption
432	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Vanuatu's international CC negotiators must be aware of and highlight to others the potential to lose very critical ecosystems and species
449	Heat Stress		Animals develop sunlight-related problems	Ensure that Charolais variety is placed in the shade during the hottest and sunniest parts of the day.	Place in shade trees for middle day times, while morning and afternoon time are best for feeding in open pastures. Nights can be spent in the open pasture. The farmer has to actually move the bullock to different areas of the farms.
416	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Learn how to make Manioc Flour (Modern & traditional methods) so that harvested tubers can be preserved for extended periods.
433	Heat Stress		Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost	Restrict fishing activities on coral reefs that are already stressed from bleaching
450	Heat Stress		Animals develop sunlight-related problems	Cross Charolais with Brahman to develop tolerance to high light intensity.	Charolais, when cross bred with Brahman, can become tolerant to high light intensity.
417	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Dig the yam, but leave it in an open hole in well drained dry ground. Cover the hole with coconut leaves.	can last for months
434	Heat Stress		Forest seeds burnt and do not have a chance to germinate	Germinate vulnerable seeds in controlled conditions (nurseries)
451	Heat Stress		Animals develop sunlight-related problems	Place bullock in shade trees for middle day times, while morning and afternoon time are best for feeding in open pastures	Charolais and Brahman are not as resilient as others with strong sunlight or high temperatures.
418	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Re Bury harvested taro in well drained/sandy soil.	can last for months
435	Heat Stress		Heat Stresson humans	Reconstruction and relocation of homes/communities to areas that are sheltered by forests
452	Heat Stress		Animals overheat inside their enclosures	Ventilate chicken enclosures (e.g. with bamboo floors)
419	Heat Stress		Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures	Practice alley cropping, to provide cooling shade to vulnerable crops	Glyricidia works well, and provides nutrients , Can tie branches together to provide more shade inside alleys
436	Heat Stress		Heat Stresson humans	Plant green spaces for outdoor congregating and relaxing
469	Sea Level Rise		Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna	Regulate and limit the extraction of sand, coral and gravel for development purposes
484	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Allow pigs to swim in the sea to increase their salinity tolerance levels	on Tongoa- white pigs commonly swim in the sea
470	Sea Level Rise		Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna	Establish protected areas on the coastal strip
485	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	To treat chicken pox, wash chickens in salt water	wild chicks sent to Pentecost caught chicken pox, and were treated with sea water face wash
471	Sea Level Rise		Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna	Ensure the adequate EIAs are completed on all coastal developments
486	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Allow chickens to forage from the reef and beach to uptake minerals that will strengthen their eggs
472	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Plant coastal, native, endemic and site adapted species on beaches and vulnerable coasts trees to control erosion	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
487	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Relocate vulnerable pastures/enclosures away from the coast
473	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Plant/protect wetland species including mangroves to reduce erosion
488	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Use proper surveys and an altimeter to select site	If not done well, as in Maskellynes, a major shift in water usage to rain water will be required
473 (a)	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Erosion of coastal forest areas	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
489	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Conduct a series of tests on source water quality prior to installing a new supply system	often not completed in Vanuatu due to lack of funds
474	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Encourage and assist communities to establish forested buffer zones between the coast and the village	GIZ Pele Pilot site.
490	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Ensure proper site selection for bore water	E.g. Gaua- ground water best source, but 6/10 were no good, salty because checks not performed
475	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Research the potential for desalination and irrigation of coastal woodlots/plantations
491	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Seal bore hole when drilling
476	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Relocate species of importance to higher grounds to avoid loss through sea water inundation
492	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Review government internal processes and guidelines for selecting bore sites	Now reviewed in the National Water Strategy
477	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Adopt coastal management or land use plans
493	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Build capacity of govt and local communities on desalination options	Expensive because of fuel. The brine product needs proper disposal. Skills for management and maintenance is often beyond island capacity
478	Sea Level Rise		Erosion of coastal forest areas	Find and encourage salt tolerant trees
494	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Use desalination in emergency situations	Desalination may be useful for emergencies, (i.e. Mataso, while setting ups tanks, a small desalinator could be sent in temporarily
464	Sea Level Rise		Crops are exposed to high levels of salinity in soils	Relocate Gardens away from the coast
479	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Train bullock to use salt blocks	are already bring used by some livestock owners
495	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Trial small scale inexpensive desalination technology	VANREPA may have trialed a low cost design
465	Sea Level Rise		Crops are exposed to high levels of salinity in soils	Introduce buffer zones between gardens and low-lying coastal areas
480	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Allow animals to roam freely on the coast	(Ambrym, Epi, Tanna- cows already drink the pools near the coast)
496	Sea Level Rise		Sea water contaminates ground water	Desalinate sea water	An NGO trialed desalination on Rah island, but was unsuccessful
466	Sea Level Rise		Crops are exposed to high levels of salinity in soils	Find and encourage salt tolerant crops
481	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Allow cows and bullocks to swim in the sea	In Torres – Red bullock and local bullock- regularly walk on the reef, swim in the sea
467	Sea Level Rise		Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna	Relocate sea turtle nests to higher, safer parts of the beach	Wan Smolbag Vanua Tai monitors have been trained on how to do this
482	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Allow chickens to walk on the reef flat to find food	Emae- fowls walk on the reef looking for food
468	Sea Level Rise		Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna	Replant coastal species following their natural zonations	water tolerant mangroves inland to dry land mangroves and other trees
483	Sea Level Rise		Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments	Allow pigs to scavange on the coast	In Lamap- pigs scavenge in the mangroves for food

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